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Persons, Rights & Duties | Jurisprudence | MCQ Quiz with Answers | Test Your Legal Knowledge
Persons, Rights & Duties MCQ Quiz (1–50)
(1). [AIBE 2021] Who among the following defined a person as “any being whom the law regards as capable of rights and duties”?
- [A]. John Austin
- [B]. John Salmond
- [C]. H.L.A. Hart
- [D]. Roscoe Pound
(2). Under general municipal law, lower animals are classified as:
- [A]. Legal persons capable of suing
- [B]. Objects of property, not subjects of rights
- [C]. Trustees of land
- [D]. Corporation sole
(3). [CLAT-PG 2019] The legal maxim Nasciturus pro iam nato habetur relates to the legal standing of:
- [A]. Dead persons
- [B]. Unborn persons in the womb
- [C]. Foreign corporations
- [D]. Insane persons
(4). Which theory of corporate personality argues that a corporation has no real existence and is merely an artificial creation of the state for legal convenience?
- [A]. Realist Theory
- [B]. Fiction Theory (Savigny, Salmond)
- [C]. Concession Theory
- [D]. Social Solidarity Theory
(5). [AIBE 2023] The landmark English case of Salomon v. Salomon & Co. (1897) established the principle of:
- [A]. Strict liability in torts
- [B]. Separate corporate personality and limited liability
- [C]. Judicial review of legislation
- [D]. Promissory estoppel against the crown
(6). A Corporation Sole consists of:
- [A]. A single incorporated office occupied by a succession of human beings (e.g., The Crown)
- [B]. A single human being acting without legal incorporation
- [C]. A partnership of two people
- [D]. A government ministry only
(7). [CLAT-PG 2020] When courts ignore the separate legal entity of a company to hold shareholders personally liable for fraud or tax evasion, it is known as:
- [A]. Piercing / Lifting the Corporate Veil
- [B]. Winding up
- [C]. Amalgamation
- [D]. Subrogation
(8). A right that is valid in law but lacks the procedural backing of a court remedy (such as a time-barred debt) is called:
- [A]. A perfect right
- [B]. An imperfect right
- [C]. A right in rem
- [D]. An absolute right
(9). [AIBE 2018] A right that is available against the entire world (general duty imposed on everyone) is classified as:
- [A]. Right in Personam
- [B]. Right in Rem
- [C]. Imperfect right
- [D]. Accessorial right
(10). According to Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld, the jural correlative of a Liberty (Privilege) is:
- [A]. A Duty
- [B]. A No-Right
- [C]. A Liability
- [D]. A Disability
(11). [CLAT-PG 2022] In Hohfeld’s scheme, if X has a legal Power to alter legal relations, Y is under a corresponding:
- [A]. Immunity
- [B]. Liability
- [C]. Duty
- [D]. Disability
(12). Which of the following is a Jural Opposite of a Right in Hohfeld’s analysis?
- [A]. Duty
- [B]. No-Right
- [C]. Liability
- [D]. Disability
(13). [AIBE 2019] Can a dead person hold legal rights or institute a civil suit?
- [A]. Yes, through executors only
- [B]. No, because legal personality terminates upon death (Mortuus non habet amicum)
- [C]. Yes, for 12 years after death
- [D]. Only if registered in court
(14). The legal status of a Hindu Idol or the Guru Granth Sahib in Indian jurisprudence is that of:
- [A]. Private movable property
- [B]. A juridical (legal) person capable of holding property
- [C]. An illegal association
- [D]. A corporation aggregate
(15). [CLAT-PG 2021] The Realist Theory of corporate personality (associated with Gierke) posits that a corporation is:
- [A]. A pure legal fiction with no real mind
- [B]. A real, living social organism with its own collective will distinct from its members
- [C]. A creation of the police
- [D]. A temporary contract
(16). In Hohfeld’s matrix, the jural correlative of an Immunity is:
- [A]. Liability
- [B]. Disability
- [C]. Duty
- [D]. No-Right
(17). [AIBE 2022] Which of the following best defines a legal Liberty (Privilege) under Hohfeldian analysis?
- [A]. An obligation to act
- [B]. The absence of a duty prohibiting one from doing an act
- [C]. A court order
- [D]. A statutory tax
(18). The legal protection given to the reputation of a dead person against defamation is justified on the grounds that:
- [A]. The dead person is suing in heaven
- [B]. It protects public peace and the feelings of living surviving relatives
- [C]. The dead person retains absolute property rights
- [D]. It is a mistake in the code
(19). [CLAT-PG 2018] A right that is auxiliary and dependent upon a principal substantive right is classified as:
- [A]. A primary right
- [B]. An accessorial right
- [C]. A right in personam
- [D]. An imperfect right
(20). Which of the following pairs represents Jural Opposites in Hohfeld’s table?
- [A]. Right and Duty
- [B]. Right and No-Right
- [C]. Power and Liability
- [D]. Immunity and Disability
(21). [AIBE 2023] Under Section 13 of the Transfer of Property Act, a transfer to an unborn person requires:
- [A]. A prior life interest given to a living person, with the absolute interest vesting in the unborn person upon birth
- [B]. No prior interest
- [C]. Court sanction in advance
- [D]. Immediate physical delivery of keys
(22). The Concession Theory of corporate personality maintains that a corporation derives its legal existence from:
- [A]. The spontaneous will of its members
- [B]. The express grant or concession of the sovereign State
- [C]. International customary law
- [D]. Pure economic market forces
(23). [CLAT-PG 2019] If X has no legal power to alter Y’s legal status, Y possesses:
- [A]. A Liability
- [B]. An Immunity (correlative to X’s Disability)
- [C]. A Duty
- [D]. A Right
(24). The primary purpose of corporate incorporation in modern business law is:
- [A]. To evade all criminal responsibility
- [B]. To facilitate commercial enterprise, secure perpetual succession, and limit investor liability
- [C]. To abolish taxation
- [D]. To eliminate competition
(25). [AIBE 2020] In SGPC v. Som Nath Das, the Supreme Court reaffirmed that a religious institution or Guru Granth Sahib is recognized in law as:
- [A]. A partnership firm
- [B]. A juridical person capable of holding property
- [C]. A government department
- [D]. A sole proprietorship
(26). Which jurist’s analytical scheme clarified legal rights by breaking them down into correlatives and opposites like liberties, powers, and immunities?
- [A]. John Austin
- [B]. Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld
- [C]. Hans Kelsen
- [D]. H.L.A. Hart
(27). [CLAT-PG 2022] A duty that is owed to a specific, determinate individual (such as a contractual obligation) is a:
- [A]. Public duty
- [B]. Relative duty
- [C]. Absolute duty
- [D]. Moral duty
(28). Can a corporation aggregate be convicted of a crime requiring mens rea (guilty mind)?
- [A]. Never under any circumstances
- [B]. Yes, through the imputed intent of its managing directors and controlling officers acting within the scope of employment
- [C]. Only for murder
- [D]. Only if approved by shareholders
(29). [AIBE 2018] The maxim Nasciturus pro iam nato habetur is a cornerstone of legal protection for:
- [A]. Corporations
- [B]. Unborn children in the womb
- [C]. Foreign diplomats
- [D]. Bankrupt individuals
(30). The jural correlative of a Duty in Hohfeld’s table is:
- [A]. Liberty
- [B]. Right
- [C]. Power
- [D]. Immunity
(31). [CLAT-PG 2021] Which of the following entities is a classic example of a Corporation Sole?
- [A]. Microsoft Corporation
- [B]. The Office of the President of India / The Crown
- [C]. A registered partnership of lawyers
- [D]. A municipal corporation
(32). When a court “lifts the corporate veil,” it is looking behind the artificial personality of the company to examine:
- [A]. The office furniture
- [B]. The human beings (shareholders/directors) controlling the company and perpetrating fraud
- [C]. The stock market price
- [D]. The company’s logo
(33). [AIBE 2019] Absolute duties are those duties which:
- [A]. Have no correlative rights vested in any specific determinate individual (e.g., duty not to commit treason)
- [B]. Can never be breached
- [C]. Apply only to minors
- [D]. Require court permission
(34). In Hohfeld’s terminology, the jural opposite of a Liberty (Privilege) is:
- [A]. A Right
- [B]. A Duty
- [C]. No-Right
- [D]. Liability
(35). [CLAT-PG 2023] The Uttarakhand High Court judgment in Mohd. Salim v. State of Uttarakhand famously declared which entities as legal persons?
- [A]. Corporations
- [B]. The Ganga and Yamuna Rivers
- [C]. Municipal councils
- [D]. Trade unions
(36). A right that is recognized and enforced by the Court of Chancery in historical English law as distinct from common law courts was known as:
- [A]. A legal right
- [B]. An equitable right
- [C]. A natural right
- [D]. A customary right
(37). [AIBE 2021] Under Hohfeldian analysis, if X has a Disability, what does Y possess reciprocally?
- [A]. A Duty
- [B]. An Immunity
- [C]. A Right
- [D]. A Liberty
(38). The Fiction Theory of corporate personality was championed most prominently by:
- [A]. Otto von Gierke
- [B]. Friedrich Carl von Savigny and John Salmond
- [C]. Wesley Hohfeld
- [D]. Roscoe Pound
(39). [CLAT-PG 2020] Which of the following represents a Right in Personam?
- [A]. Right to bodily safety against all mankind
- [B]. Right to recover a specific debt from a particular debtor
- [C]. Right to freedom of speech
- [D]. Right to property ownership against the world
(40). The legal capacity to make a binding contract or alter legal relations is classified in jurisprudence as a:
- [A]. Duty
- [B]. Power
- [C]. Liability
- [D]. Immunity
(41). [AIBE 2017] If a person is subjected to a legal disadvantage or vulnerable to having their legal relations altered by another’s power, they are under a:
- [A]. Duty
- [B]. Liability
- [C]. Immunity
- [D]. Disability
(42). The distinction between Natural Persons and Legal Persons rests on the fact that:
- [A]. Natural persons are human beings, whereas legal persons are entities created by law to hold rights and duties.
- [B]. Natural persons cannot own property.
- [C]. Legal persons have physical bodies.
- [D]. Natural persons require state incorporation.
(43). [CLAT-PG 2019] In the context of corporate personality, the doctrine of Ultra Vires means:
- [A]. Actions taken by a company that exceed the powers specified in its Memorandum of Association.
- [B]. Criminal acts committed by directors.
- [C]. Bankruptcy proceedings.
- [D]. Tax evasion.
(44). The jural opposite of a Power in Hohfeld’s table is:
- [A]. Liability
- [B]. Disability
- [C]. Duty
- [D]. Immunity
(45). [AIBE 2022] In summary, the study of Persons, Rights, and Duties in Unit III demonstrates that jurisprudence views legal subjects and normative relationships through:
- [A]. A rigorous analytical framework of artificial personality and Hohfeldian correlatives.
- [B]. Arbitrary political whims.
- [C]. Purely economic calculations.
- [D]. Religious decrees.
(46). Which jurist is credited with publishing the foundational 1913 article on fundamental legal conceptions in judicial reasoning?
- [A]. John Austin
- [B]. Wesley Newcomb Hohfeld
- [C]. Hans Kelsen
- [D]. John Salmond
(47). [CLAT-PG 2021] Can an unborn child maintain a tort claim for prenatal injuries sustained due to negligence, provided it is born alive?
- [A]. No, prenatal injuries are not recognized.
- [B]. Yes, under the Nasciturus fiction, upon live birth, rights attach retroactively for injuries suffered in the womb.
- [C]. Only if approved by Parliament.
- [D]. Only for property, never for torts.
(48). The primary difference between a Corporation Aggregate and a Corporation Sole is that:
- [A]. A corporation aggregate consists of multiple members, whereas a corporation sole consists of a single incorporated office held by successive individuals.
- [B]. Corporation sole is illegal in India.
- [C]. Corporation aggregate cannot own land.
- [D]. There is no legal difference.
(49). [AIBE 2023] The ultimate utility of Hohfeld’s analytical table of jural positions in legal drafting and judicial reasoning is that it:
- [A]. Eliminates semantic ambiguity by forcing precise distinction between rights, liberties, powers, and immunities.
- [B]. Resolves criminal trials instantly.
- [C]. Replaces the Constitution.
- [D]. Abolishes taxes.
(50). The synergy across Unit III confirms that law organizes human and artificial society by distributing personality, defining rights, and enforcing correlative duties through:
- [A]. Precise conceptual and structural taxonomy.
- [B]. Unwritten tribal taboos.
- [C]. Private corporate contracts alone.
- [D]. Military edicts.
